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Latest revision as of 16:24, 12 June 2026

Explore by epoch — a continuous Indian timeline · told so far to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)

Prehistoric Culturesto c. 3300 BCE Sindhu–Saraswatic. 3300–1300 BCE Vedic Agec. 1500–600 BCE Mahajanapada Agec. 600–321 BCE Maurya Era321–185 BCE Era of Exchange185 BCE–320 CE Gupta Era320–550 CE Regional Empires550–1200 Sultanate Era1206–1526 Vijayanagara1336–1646 Mughal Era1526–1707 Maratha Swarajya1674–1818

Featured article

TEMPLES & ARCHITECTURE · WEST INDIA

Somnath Temple — The Shrine Eternal

First of the twelve Jyotirlingas, on the Saurashtra shore. Founded in stone by the 10th century, celebrated by Al-Biruni as the harbour-temple of the Indian Ocean trade, razed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026, rebuilt by Kumarapala — and raised again by the new Republic in 1951. The shrine eternal of Indian memory, told through period photographs and the raider's own chroniclers.

Epoch: Age of Regional Empires · Theme: Jyotirlingas · (Read the full article →)

On this day

12 June

1665 — The Treaty of Purandar concluded (signed 11–12 June): Shivaji cedes twenty-three forts to Mirza Raja Jai Singh — and lives to take every one of them back.

The live calendar grows as articles are added.

Explore by theme

⚔Military Historybattles won & lost

🏛Ancient UniversitiesTakshashila · Nalanda

🛕Temples & ArchitectureNagara · Dravida · Vesara

✍LitterateursKalidasa to Bharati

⛵Trade RoutesUttarapatha · Muziris

🪔Indian Renaissancereform & awakening

🛡Heroes of Indiaall regions, NWSE

👑Dynasties of Indiathe famous & the forgotten

🔭Science & Mathematicszero · the Ujjayinī meridian

🌸Women in Indian HistoryDidda · Rudrama · Ahilyabai

🎼Art, Music & DanceNatyashastra to the gharanas

📖Jyotirlingasthe twelve shrines

Battle database — a separate wing, battle by battle

Hydaspes 326 BCEKalinga 261 BCEAror 712Rajasthan 738Waihind 1008Lohkot 1015 & 1021Tarain 1191–92Khanwa 1527Talikota 1565Haldighati 1576Saraighat 1671Plassey 1757Panipat III 1761

Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. The invasions, age by age: The Resistance Chronicle · Browse →

The Resistance Chronicle

A NEW WING · HISTORY BY THE DEFENDER’S CLOCK

The Four Ages of Resistance

Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by the answer India gave. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory or defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.

0 · The Huna Storm 455–528I · The Frontier Age 636–1030II · The Watershed 1175–1206III · The Long Contest 1206–1526IV · The Reversal 1526–1761

About the four ages → · Enter the wing → · The Ghazni ledger → · Mewar →

Quote of the day

"In all their grandeur, they never slackened in the ardent desire of doing that which is good and right… men of noble sentiment and noble bearing."

— Al-Biruni on the Hindu Shahis, Kitab al-Hind, c. 1030 — the enemy’s own tribute

Picture of the day

The two worlds of 970 — the religious map of the Afghan lands at Mahmud’s birth. An original Indopedia map, from the new ledger article.

Indian history in the news

New excavation season announced at Rakhigarhi (sample item)
Chola-era copper plates found in Tamil Nadu (sample item)
Conservation milestone at Hampi (sample item)

Discovery — voyages & places

Hampi — capital of Vijayanagara

Walk the boulders of the Tungabhadra through the Virupaksha temple, the Vitthala stone chariot and the royal enclosures. Travel-style storytelling, with the history and the sources.

Epoch: Vijayanagara Era

Help write the history of India — a curated team, period by period · one standard format · mandatory bibliographies

Become a contributor

@@ Line 3: / Line 3: @@
 <div><div class="ind-title">Indopedia</div><div class="ind-tag">The Encyclopedia of Indian History — from Indian eyes · इतिहासेन विद्महे</div></div>
 </div>
-<div class="ind-nav">[[:Category:Epochs|Epochs]] [[:Category:Themes|Themes]] [[:Category:Temples & Architecture|Temples]] [[Jyotirlingas]] [[:Category:Military History|Battles]] [[:Category:Regions|Regions]] [[Indopedia:Contribute|Contribute]]</div>
+<div class="ind-nav">[[:Category:Epochs|Epochs]] [[:Category:Themes|Themes]] [[:Category:Temples & Architecture|Temples]] [[Jyotirlingas]] [[The Resistance Chronicle|Resistance]] [[:Category:Military History|Battles]] [[:Category:Regions|Regions]] [[Indopedia:Contribute|Contribute]]</div>
 </div>
-<div class="ind-strip-label">Explore by epoch — a continuous Indian timeline</div>
+<div class="ind-strip-label">Explore by epoch — a continuous Indian timeline · told so far to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)</div>
-<div class="ind-epochs">[[:Category:Prehistoric Cultures|Prehistoric Cultures<small>to c. 3300 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Sindhu–Saraswati Civilisation|Sindhu–Saraswati<small>c. 3300–1300 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Vedic Age|Vedic Age<small>c. 1500–600 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Mahajanapada Age|Mahajanapada Age<small>c. 600–321 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Maurya Era|Maurya Era<small>321–185 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Era of Exchange|Era of Exchange<small>185 BCE–320 CE</small>]] [[:Category:Gupta Era|Gupta Era<small>320–550 CE</small>]] [[:Category:Age of Regional Empires|Regional Empires<small>550–1200</small>]] [[:Category:Sultanate Era|Sultanate Era<small>1206–1526</small>]] [[:Category:Vijayanagara Era|Vijayanagara<small>1336–1646</small>]] [[:Category:Mughal Era|Mughal Era<small>1526–1707</small>]] [[:Category:Maratha Swarajya|Maratha Swarajya<small>1674–1818</small>]] [[:Category:Company Rule & Resistance|Company Rule<small>1757–1857</small>]] [[:Category:Swaraj Era|Swaraj Era<small>1857–1947</small>]] [[:Category:Bharat — Republic of India|Bharat — Republic<small>1947–</small>]]</div>
+<div class="ind-epochs">[[:Category:Prehistoric Cultures|Prehistoric Cultures<small>to c. 3300 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Sindhu–Saraswati Civilisation|Sindhu–Saraswati<small>c. 3300–1300 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Vedic Age|Vedic Age<small>c. 1500–600 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Mahajanapada Age|Mahajanapada Age<small>c. 600–321 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Maurya Era|Maurya Era<small>321–185 BCE</small>]] [[:Category:Era of Exchange|Era of Exchange<small>185 BCE–320 CE</small>]] [[:Category:Gupta Era|Gupta Era<small>320–550 CE</small>]] [[:Category:Age of Regional Empires|Regional Empires<small>550–1200</small>]] [[:Category:Sultanate Era|Sultanate Era<small>1206–1526</small>]] [[:Category:Vijayanagara Era|Vijayanagara<small>1336–1646</small>]] [[:Category:Mughal Era|Mughal Era<small>1526–1707</small>]] [[:Category:Maratha Swarajya|Maratha Swarajya<small>1674–1818</small>]]</div>
 <div class="ind-grid">
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 <div class="ind-card"><div class="ind-card-h">On this day</div>
 <p style="font-family:Georgia,serif;font-size:17px;margin:0 0 6px">12 June</p>
-<p><b>1975</b> — The Allahabad High Court sets aside Prime Minister Indira Gandhi’s election — the verdict that led, within a fortnight, to the Emergency.</p>
+<p><b>1665</b> — The '''Treaty of Purandar''' concluded (signed 11–12 June): Shivaji cedes twenty-three forts to Mirza Raja Jai Singh — and lives to take every one of them back.</p>
 <p class="ind-meta">''The live calendar grows as articles are added.''</p></div>
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 <div class="ind-theme"><span class="ic">🛡</span>[[:Category:Heroes of India|Heroes of India]]<small>all regions, NWSE</small></div>
 <div class="ind-theme"><span class="ic">👑</span>[[Dynasties of India|Dynasties of India]]<small>the famous & the forgotten</small></div>
+<div class="ind-theme"><span class="ic">🔭</span>[[:Category:Science & Mathematics|Science & Mathematics]]<small>zero · the Ujjayinī meridian</small></div>
+<div class="ind-theme"><span class="ic">🌸</span>[[:Category:Women in Indian History|Women in Indian History]]<small>Didda · Rudrama · Ahilyabai</small></div>
+<div class="ind-theme"><span class="ic">🎼</span>[[:Category:Art, Music & Dance|Art, Music & Dance]]<small>Natyashastra to the gharanas</small></div>
 <div class="ind-theme"><span class="ic">📖</span>[[:Category:Jyotirlingas|Jyotirlingas]]<small>the twelve shrines</small></div>
 </div></div>
 <div class="ind-card ind-span3"><div class="ind-card-h">Battle database — a separate wing, battle by battle</div>
-<div class="ind-chips"><span>Hydaspes 326 BCE</span><span>Kalinga 261 BCE</span><span>Aror 712</span><span>Rajasthan 738</span><span>Waihind 1008</span><span>Lohkot 1015 & 1021</span><span>Tarain 1191–92</span><span>Khanwa 1527</span><span>Talikota 1565</span><span>Haldighati 1576</span><span>Saraighat 1671</span><span>Plassey 1757</span><span>Panipat III 1761</span><span>Kargil 1999</span></div>
+<div class="ind-chips"><span>Hydaspes 326 BCE</span><span>Kalinga 261 BCE</span><span>Aror 712</span><span>Rajasthan 738</span><span>Waihind 1008</span><span>Lohkot 1015 & 1021</span><span>Tarain 1191–92</span><span>Khanwa 1527</span><span>Talikota 1565</span><span>Haldighati 1576</span><span>Saraighat 1671</span><span>Plassey 1757</span><span>Panipat III 1761</span></div>
-<p class="ind-meta">Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. [[:Category:Military History|Browse →]]</p></div>
+<p class="ind-meta">Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. The invasions, age by age: [[The Resistance Chronicle]] · [[:Category:Military History|Browse →]]</p></div>
-<div class="ind-card ind-span2"><div class="ind-card-h">New wing — the resistance chronicle</div><span class="ind-badge">MILITARY HISTORY · DYNASTIES OF INDIA</span>
+<div class="ind-card ind-span2"><div class="ind-card-h">The Resistance Chronicle</div><span class="ind-badge">A NEW WING · HISTORY BY THE DEFENDER’S CLOCK</span>
-<div class="ind-t">[[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance]]</div>
+<div class="ind-t">[[The Resistance Chronicle|The Four Ages of Resistance]]</div>
-<p>The full campaign ledger of the most famous invader — including what the textbooks skip: '''Lohkot''', the Kashmir fortress that beat him twice; Kalinjar untaken; the confederacy of 1008, funded by the ornaments of Indian women; and the kings who answered, from Jayapala’s pyre to the Jats of the desert. With the two-worlds map of 970 and the four-century chain from the first Arab raid of 636.</p>
+<p>Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by '''the answer India gave'''. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory ''or'' defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.</p>
-<p class="ind-meta">[[The Caliphate and India — A Timeline (636–1030)|The timeline →]] · [[Dynasties of India|The dynasties →]] · [[Jyotirlingas|The twelve shrines →]]</p></div>
+<div class="ind-chips"><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#0. The Prelude: the Huna Storm · c. 455–528|0 · The Huna Storm 455–528]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#I. The Frontier Age · 636–1030|I · The Frontier Age 636–1030]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#II. The Watershed · 1175–1206|II · The Watershed 1175–1206]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#III. The Long Contest · 1206–1526|III · The Long Contest 1206–1526]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#IV. The Reversal · 1526–1761|IV · The Reversal 1526–1761]]</span></div>
+<p class="ind-meta">[[About the Resistance Chronicle|About the four ages →]] · [[The Resistance Chronicle|Enter the wing →]] · [[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|The Ghazni ledger →]] · [[Mewar — The House of Eklingji|Mewar →]]</p></div>
 <div class="ind-card"><div class="ind-card-h">Quote of the day</div>