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Explore by epoch — a continuous Indian timeline · told so far to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)

Prehistoric Culturesto c. 3300 BCE Sindhu–Saraswatic. 3300–1300 BCE Vedic Agec. 1500–600 BCE Mahajanapada Agec. 600–321 BCE Maurya Era321–185 BCE Era of Exchange185 BCE–320 CE Gupta Era320–550 CE Regional Empires550–1200 Sultanate Era1206–1526 Vijayanagara1336–1646 Mughal Era1526–1707 Maratha Swarajya1674–1818

Featured article · II

THE RESISTANCE CHRONICLE · AGE I

Battle of Peshawar (1001)

27 November 1001: the battle that opened the door. Jayapala's defeat, his capture with three generations of his house, and the pyre by which he answered it. The Gandhara of Panini and the epics, the Shahi kings, their temples and their silver, and why India forgot. With photographs of the standing ruins.

Wing: The Resistance Chronicle · (Read →)

On this day

12 June

1665 — The Treaty of Purandar concluded (signed 11–12 June): Shivaji cedes twenty-three forts to Mirza Raja Jai Singh — and lives to take every one of them back.

The live calendar grows as articles are added.

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⚔Military Historybattles won & lost

🏛Ancient UniversitiesTakshashila · Nalanda

🛕Temples & ArchitectureNagara · Dravida · Vesara

✍LitterateursKalidasa to Bharati

⛵Trade RoutesUttarapatha · Muziris

🪔Indian Renaissancereform & awakening

🛡Heroes of Indiaall regions, NWSE

👑Dynasties of Indiathe famous & the forgotten

🔭Science & Mathematicszero · the Ujjayinī meridian

🌸Women in Indian HistoryDidda · Rudrama · Ahilyabai

🎼Art, Music & DanceNatyashastra to the gharanas

📖Jyotirlingasthe twelve shrines

Battle database — a separate wing, battle by battle

Hydaspes 326 BCEKalinga 261 BCEAror 712Rajasthan 738Waihind 1008Lohkot 1015 & 1021Tarain 1191–92Khanwa 1527Talikota 1565Haldighati 1576Saraighat 1671Plassey 1757Panipat III 1761

Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. The invasions, age by age: The Resistance Chronicle · Browse →

The Resistance Chronicle

A NEW WING · HISTORY BY THE DEFENDER’S CLOCK

The Four Ages of Resistance

Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by the answer India gave. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory or defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.

0 · The Huna Storm 455–528I · The Frontier Age 636–1030II · The Watershed 1175–1206III · The Long Contest 1206–1526IV · The Reversal 1526–1761

About the four ages → · Enter the wing → · The Ghazni ledger → · Mewar →

Quote of the day

"In all their grandeur, they never slackened in the ardent desire of doing that which is good and right… men of noble sentiment and noble bearing."

— Al-Biruni on the Hindu Shahis, Kitab al-Hind, c. 1030 — the enemy’s own tribute

Picture of the day

The two worlds of 970 — the religious map of the Afghan lands at Mahmud’s birth. An original Indopedia map, from the new ledger article.

Indian history in the news

New excavation season announced at Rakhigarhi (sample item)
Chola-era copper plates found in Tamil Nadu (sample item)
Conservation milestone at Hampi (sample item)

Discovery — voyages & places

Hampi — capital of Vijayanagara

Walk the boulders of the Tungabhadra through the Virupaksha temple, the Vitthala stone chariot and the royal enclosures. Travel-style storytelling, with the history and the sources.

Epoch: Vijayanagara Era

Help write the history of India — a curated team, period by period · one standard format · mandatory bibliographies

Become a contributor

@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 <div class="ind-grid">
-<div class="ind-card ind-span2"><div class="ind-card-h">Featured article</div><span class="ind-badge">TEMPLES & ARCHITECTURE · WEST INDIA</span>
+<div class="ind-card"><div class="ind-card-h">Featured article · I</div><span class="ind-badge">TEMPLES & ARCHITECTURE · WEST INDIA</span>
 <div class="ind-t">[[Somnath Temple — The Shrine Eternal]]</div>
-<p>First of the twelve [[Jyotirlingas]], on the Saurashtra shore. Founded in stone by the 10th century, celebrated by Al-Biruni as the harbour-temple of the Indian Ocean trade, razed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1026, rebuilt by Kumarapala — and raised again by the new Republic in 1951. The shrine eternal of Indian memory, told through period photographs and the raider's own chroniclers.</p>
+<p>First of the twelve [[Jyotirlingas]], on the Saurashtra shore. Founded in stone by the 10th century, razed by [[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|Mahmud of Ghazni]] in 1026, rebuilt by Kumarapala, and raised again by the Republic in 1951. Told through period photographs and the raider's own chroniclers.</p>
-<p class="ind-meta">Epoch: [[:Category:Age of Regional Empires|Age of Regional Empires]] · Theme: [[:Category:Jyotirlingas|Jyotirlingas]] · ''([[Somnath Temple|Read the full article →]])''</p></div>
+<p class="ind-meta">Epoch: [[:Category:Age of Regional Empires|Regional Empires]] · ''([[Somnath Temple — The Shrine Eternal|Read →]])''</p></div>
+<div class="ind-card"><div class="ind-card-h">Featured article · II</div><span class="ind-badge">THE RESISTANCE CHRONICLE · AGE I</span>
+<div class="ind-t">[[Battle of Peshawar (1001)]]</div>
+<p>27 November 1001: the battle that opened the door. Jayapala's defeat, his capture with three generations of his house, and the pyre by which he answered it. The Gandhara of Panini and the epics, the Shahi kings, their temples and their silver, and why India forgot. With photographs of the standing ruins.</p>
+<p class="ind-meta">Wing: [[The Resistance Chronicle]] · ''([[Battle of Peshawar (1001)|Read →]])''</p></div>
 <div class="ind-card"><div class="ind-card-h">On this day</div>
@@ Line 38: / Line 43: @@
 <div class="ind-card ind-span3"><div class="ind-card-h">Battle database — a separate wing, battle by battle</div>
 <div class="ind-chips"><span>Hydaspes 326 BCE</span><span>Kalinga 261 BCE</span><span>Aror 712</span><span>Rajasthan 738</span><span>Waihind 1008</span><span>Lohkot 1015 & 1021</span><span>Tarain 1191–92</span><span>Khanwa 1527</span><span>Talikota 1565</span><span>Haldighati 1576</span><span>Saraighat 1671</span><span>Plassey 1757</span><span>Panipat III 1761</span></div>
-<p class="ind-meta">Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. [[:Category:Military History|Browse →]]</p></div>
+<p class="ind-meta">Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. The invasions, age by age: [[The Resistance Chronicle]] · [[:Category:Military History|Browse →]]</p></div>
-<div class="ind-card ind-span2"><div class="ind-card-h">New wing — the resistance chronicle</div><span class="ind-badge">MILITARY HISTORY · DYNASTIES OF INDIA</span>
+<div class="ind-card ind-span2"><div class="ind-card-h">The Resistance Chronicle</div><span class="ind-badge">A NEW WING · HISTORY BY THE DEFENDER’S CLOCK</span>
-<div class="ind-t">[[The Resistance Chronicle]]</div>
+<div class="ind-t">[[The Resistance Chronicle|The Four Ages of Resistance]]</div>
-<p>The full campaign ledger of the most famous invader — including what the textbooks skip: '''Lohkot''', the Kashmir fortress that beat him twice; Kalinjar untaken; the confederacy of 1008, funded by the ornaments of Indian women; and the kings who answered, from Jayapala’s pyre to the Jats of the desert. With the two-worlds map of 970 and the four-century chain from the first Arab raid of 636.</p>
+<p>Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by '''the answer India gave'''. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory ''or'' defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.</p>
-<p class="ind-meta">[[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|The ledger →]] · [[The Caliphate and India — A Timeline (636–1030)|The timeline →]] · [[Mewar — The House of Eklingji|Mewar →]] · [[Dynasties of India|The dynasties →]]</p></div>
+<div class="ind-chips"><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#0. The Prelude: the Huna Storm · c. 455–528|0 · The Huna Storm 455–528]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#I. The Frontier Age · 636–1030|I · The Frontier Age 636–1030]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#II. The Watershed · 1175–1206|II · The Watershed 1175–1206]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#III. The Long Contest · 1206–1526|III · The Long Contest 1206–1526]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#IV. The Reversal · 1526–1761|IV · The Reversal 1526–1761]]</span></div>
+<p class="ind-meta">[[About the Resistance Chronicle|About the four ages →]] · [[The Resistance Chronicle|Enter the wing →]] · [[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|The Ghazni ledger →]] · [[Mewar — The House of Eklingji|Mewar →]]</p></div>
 <div class="ind-card"><div class="ind-card-h">Quote of the day</div>