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Home: chronicle card rebuilt around the Four Ages; battle card links the wing
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<div class="ind-t">[[The Resistance Chronicle|The Four Ages of Resistance]]</div>
<div class="ind-t">[[The Resistance Chronicle|The Four Ages of Resistance]]</div>
<p>Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by '''the answer India gave'''. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory ''or'' defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.</p>
<p>Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by '''the answer India gave'''. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory ''or'' defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.</p>
<div class="ind-chips"><span>I · The Frontier Age 636–1030</span><span>II · The Watershed 1175–1206</span><span>III · The Long Contest 1206–1526</span><span>IV · The Reversal 1526–1761</span></div>
<div class="ind-chips"><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#I. The Frontier Age · 636–1030|I · The Frontier Age 636–1030]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#II. The Watershed · 1175–1206|II · The Watershed 1175–1206]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#III. The Long Contest · 1206–1526|III · The Long Contest 1206–1526]]</span><span>[[The Resistance Chronicle#IV. The Reversal · 1526–1761|IV · The Reversal 1526–1761]]</span></div>
<p class="ind-meta">[[About the Resistance Chronicle|About the four ages →]] · [[The Resistance Chronicle|Enter the wing →]] · [[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|The Ghazni ledger →]] · [[Mewar — The House of Eklingji|Mewar →]]</p></div>
<p class="ind-meta">[[About the Resistance Chronicle|About the four ages →]] · [[The Resistance Chronicle|Enter the wing →]] · [[Mahmud of Ghazni — The Raider and the Resistance|The Ghazni ledger →]] · [[Mewar — The House of Eklingji|Mewar →]]</p></div>



Revision as of 14:57, 12 June 2026

Indopedia
The Encyclopedia of Indian History — from Indian eyes · इतिहासेन विद्महे
Explore by epoch — a continuous Indian timeline · told so far to the Third Battle of Panipat (1761)
Featured article
TEMPLES & ARCHITECTURE · WEST INDIA

First of the twelve Jyotirlingas, on the Saurashtra shore. Founded in stone by the 10th century, celebrated by Al-Biruni as the harbour-temple of the Indian Ocean trade, razed by Mahmud of Ghazni in 1026, rebuilt by Kumarapala — and raised again by the new Republic in 1951. The shrine eternal of Indian memory, told through period photographs and the raider's own chroniclers.

Epoch: Age of Regional Empires · Theme: Jyotirlingas · (Read the full article →)

On this day

12 June

1665 — The Treaty of Purandar concluded (signed 11–12 June): Shivaji cedes twenty-three forts to Mirza Raja Jai Singh — and lives to take every one of them back.

The live calendar grows as articles are added.

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Military Historybattles won & lost
🏛Ancient UniversitiesTakshashila · Nalanda
🛕Temples & ArchitectureNagara · Dravida · Vesara
LitterateursKalidasa to Bharati
Trade RoutesUttarapatha · Muziris
🪔Indian Renaissancereform & awakening
🛡Heroes of Indiaall regions, NWSE
👑Dynasties of Indiathe famous & the forgotten
🔭Science & Mathematicszero · the Ujjayinī meridian
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🎼Art, Music & DanceNatyashastra to the gharanas
📖Jyotirlingasthe twelve shrines
Battle database — a separate wing, battle by battle
Hydaspes 326 BCEKalinga 261 BCEAror 712Rajasthan 738Waihind 1008Lohkot 1015 & 1021Tarain 1191–92Khanwa 1527Talikota 1565Haldighati 1576Saraighat 1671Plassey 1757Panipat III 1761

Every battle: forces, maps, outcome, aftermath, full bibliography — victories and defeats alike. The invasions, age by age: The Resistance Chronicle · Browse →

The Resistance Chronicle
A NEW WING · HISTORY BY THE DEFENDER’S CLOCK

Not "the Sultanate period" and "the Mughal period" — the same centuries arranged by the answer India gave. Four ages, one unbroken thread from the first Arab sail off Thana (636) to Panipat (1761): every ledger complete, every battle marked victory or defeat with what it meant for the India of that time, every source labelled — stone, chronicle, or tradition.

About the four ages → · Enter the wing → · The Ghazni ledger → · Mewar →

Quote of the day

"In all their grandeur, they never slackened in the ardent desire of doing that which is good and right… men of noble sentiment and noble bearing."

— Al-Biruni on the Hindu Shahis, Kitab al-Hind, c. 1030 — the enemy’s own tribute

Picture of the day

The two worlds of 970 — the religious map of the Afghan lands at Mahmud’s birth. An original Indopedia map, from the new ledger article.

Indian history in the news
  • New excavation season announced at Rakhigarhi (sample item)
  • Chola-era copper plates found in Tamil Nadu (sample item)
  • Conservation milestone at Hampi (sample item)
Discovery — voyages & places
Hampi — capital of Vijayanagara

Walk the boulders of the Tungabhadra through the Virupaksha temple, the Vitthala stone chariot and the royal enclosures. Travel-style storytelling, with the history and the sources.

Epoch: Vijayanagara Era

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